Kuiz 21-19

Jakarta, Kominfo - Satuan Tugas (Satgas) Penanganan Covid-19 menerbitkan Surat Edaran (SE) Nomor 13 Tahun 2021 tentang Peniadaan Mudik Hari Raya Idulfitri Tahun 1442 Hijriah dan Upaya Pengendalian Penyebaran Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Selama Bulan Suci Ramadan 1442 Hijriah.

Ketentuan yang tertuang dalam SE yang ditandatangani Ketua Satgas Doni Monardo pada tanggal 7 April 2021 ini berlaku mulai tanggal 6 hingga 17 Mei 2021.

“Surat Edaran ini berlaku efektif mulai tanggal 6 – 17 Mei 2021 dan akan ditinjau lebih lanjut sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan/atau dengan perkembangan terakhir di lapangan,” ujarnya dalam SE.

Ditegaskan Doni, pelanggaran terhadap SE ini akan dikenakan sanksi denda, sanksi sosial, kurungan dan/atau pidana sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan.

Penerbitan SE ini dilatarbelakangi adanya potensi peningkatan mobilitas masyarakat pada bulan suci Ramadan dan Hari Raya Idulfitri tahun ini baik untuk kegiatan keagamaan, keluarga, maupun pariwisata yang memiliki risiko terhadap peningkatan laju penularan Covid-19

Graf di atas adalah kes kumulatif mingguan COVID-19 global.

Musim panas yang baru berlalu gagal dimanfaatkan untuk melandaikan graf berkenaan.

Pun begitu India yang berada di tangga ke-2 dan Brazil di tangga ke-3 bagi jumlah kes positif global telah menampakkan perkembangan positif iaitu bergerak melepasi puncak tertinggi dan terus bergerak secara menurun.

Dalam masa yang sama, AS dan Eropah yang baru menghabiskan musim panas tanpa CMO/PKP tidak berkongsi perkembangan positif seperti mana yang dicapai di India dan Brazil sebaliknya graf mereka (AS dan Eropah) bergerak ke atas secara eksponen.

Respons WHO berhubung peningkatan kes positif di Eropah adalah: "jangan putus asa, teruskan usaha kesihatan awam dan kekalkan "solidariti" × 3.

Dalam tempoh 6 bulan selepas ujikaji terapeutik terbesar di dunia iaitu Solidarity Therapeutics Trial bermula, ia telah berjaya menghasilkan bukti-bukti konklusif tentang keberkesanan ubat-ubatan bagi merawat COVID-19.

Keputusan interim daripada Solidarity Therapeutics Trial kelolaan WHO itu telah menunjukkan bahawa ubat-ubat berikut: iaitu remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir dan interferon sama ada memilki sedikit saja keberkesanan atau tiada kesan langsung ke atas mortaliti 28 hari atau paras kesembuhan pesakit.

Kajian di 30 buah negara itu adalah bertujuan bagi melihat keberkesanan beberapa jenis rawatan terhadap aspek-aspek seperti mortaliti keseluruhan, bila prosedur ventilasi bermula dan jangka masa pesakit berada di hospital.

Progres yang dicapai oleh Solidarity Therapeutics Trial menunjukkan kajian antarabangsa waima dalam situasi pandemik bukanlah suatu yang mustahil untuk dilaksanakan

Seterusnya platform berskala global seperti Solidarity Trial adalah bersedia untuk menilai secara pantas mana-mana rawatan-rawatan baru yang berpotensi di 500 buah hospital yang mengambil bahagian.

Terbaru, beberapa lagi ubat antiviral, immunomodulators dan antibodi monoklonal anti-SARS COV-2 sedang dipertimbangkan untuk dinilai.

Termometer inframerah tanpa sentuh bukanlah alat penembak dan tidak memancarkan radiasi. Ia direkabentuk untuk mengesan dan menyerap isyarat sinaran inframerah dari permukaan kulit yang diubah menjadi isyarat elektrik.

Litar elektronik di dalam termometer ini memproses isyarat elektrik tersebut untukmenentukan suhu tubuh manusia yang diukur dan memaparkannya di skrin paparan. Oleh kerana termometer inframerah tidak memancarkan radiasi berbahaya, ianya selamat untuk digunakan.

Jakarta Education Agency Head Nahdiana said there has been no report of Covid-19 transmission case during the back-to-school trial in 85 schools. The trial was started as teachers and administrative staffs in those education units had received the Covid-19 vaccines

“There is no report [of positive cases] until now,” said Nahdiana in response to the question shot by the Chairman of the Jakarta Legislative Council (DPRD) Commission E, Iman Satria, in today’s hearing, April 21, 2021.

Nahdiana’s statement cast Iman in relief. Iman was happy to hear that the trial of the so-called face-to-face school is running smoothly and no confirmed cases among students and teachers are found thus far.

Iman hoped that the condition could be maintained until the preparation of the simultaneous school reopening across the capital. “Hopefully, this can be maintained,” he said.

The Jakarta provincial government decided to hold the trial for on-site studies in 85 schools starting Wednesday, April 7. Deputy Governor Ahmad Riza Patria said on April 7 that he would open more schools if the test run is successful-Tempo.Com

Bloomberg spoke to two experts about the vaccines, zeroing in on the Sinovac Biotech Ltd. shot, which has been the focus of a crisis in confidence after it posted efficacy levels of just above 50% in a final stage trial in Brazil -- the minimum required by leading global drug regulators.

According to Fiona Russell from the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute in Melbourne and Paul Griffin, a professor from the University of Queensland in Brisbane:

1. For very mild disease, requiring no treatment the efficacy of Sinovac is about 50%.
2. For infections requiring some medical intervention, it’s about 84%.
3. For moderate-to-severe Covid cases, it’s 100%!

Conclusion: That’s what you expect from Covid vaccines -- higher efficacy against more severe infections and lower against milder ones. From what I can see, it looks like a very worthwhile vaccine.

Last-Modified: Friday, 16 April 2021 22:04:33 GMT

Researchers at the 1National Institutes of Health (NIH) have discovered specific regions within the DNA of neurons that accumulate a certain type of damage (called single-strand breaks or SSBs).

Imej 1. Sel-sel neuron berwarna jingga. DNA berwarna hijau dan proses pembaikan berwarna kuning.

This accumulation of SSBs appears to be unique to neurons, and it challenges what is generally understood about the cause of DNA damage and its potential implications in neurodegenerative diseases.

Because neurons require considerable amounts of oxygen to function properly, they are exposed to high levels of free radicals—toxic compounds that can damage DNA within cells.

Normally, this damage occurs randomly. However, in this study, damage within neurons was often found within specific regions of DNA called “enhancers” that control the activity of nearby genes.

Last-Modified: Sunday, 28 March 2021 22:04:33 GMT

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning that use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) around 20 weeks or later in pregnancy may cause rare but serious kidney problems in an unborn baby.

This can lead to low levels of amniotic fluid surrounding the baby and possible complications.

NSAIDs are commonly used to relieve pain and reduce fevers. They include medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and celecoxib.

After around 20 weeks of pregnancy, the unborn babies’ kidneys produce most of the amniotic fluid, so kidney problems can lead to low levels of this fluid.

Amniotic fluid provides a protective cushion and helps the unborn babies’ lungs, digestive system, and muscles develop.

Although this safety concern is well known among certain medical specialties, we wanted to communicate our recommendations more widely to educate other health care professionals and pregnant women.

This issue affects all NSAIDs that are available by prescription and those that can be bought over-the-counter (OTC) without a prescription - CDC.

Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can occur during medical procedures that generate aerosols (“aerosol generating procedures”). WHO, together with the scientific community, has been actively discussing and evaluating whether SARS-CoV-2 may also spread through aerosols in the absence of aerosol generating procedures, particularly in indoor settings with poor ventilation.

Thus, a susceptible person could inhale aerosols, and could become infected if the aerosols contain the virus in sufficient quantity to cause infection within the recipient. However, the proportion of exhaled droplet nuclei or of respiratory droplets that evaporate to generate aerosols, and the infectious dose of viable SARS-CoV-2 required to cause infection in another person are not known, but it has been studied for other respiratory viruses.

To date, transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by this type of aerosol route has not been demonstrated; much more research is needed given the possible implications of such route of transmission.

Recent clinical reports of health workers exposed to COVID-19 index cases, not in the presence of aerosol-generating procedures, found no nosocomial transmission when contact and droplet precautions were appropriately used, including the wearing of medical masks as a component of the personal protective equipment (PPE). These observations suggest that aerosol transmission did not occur in this context.

Further studies are needed to determine whether it is possible to detect viable SARS-CoV-2 in air samples from settings where no procedures that generate aerosols are performed and what role aerosols might play in transmission.

Outside of medical facilities, some outbreak reports related to indoor crowded spaces have suggested the possibility of aerosol transmission, combined with droplet transmission, for example, during choir practice, in restaurants or in fitness classes. In these events, short-range aerosol transmission, particularly in specific indoor locations, such as crowded and inadequately ventilated spaces over a prolonged period of time with infected persons cannot be ruled out.

However, the detailed investigations of these clusters suggest that droplet and fomite transmission could also explain human-to-human transmission within these clusters. Further, the close contact environments of these clusters may have facilitated transmission from a small number of cases to many other people (e.g., superspreading event), especially if hand hygiene was not performed and masks were not used when physical distancing was not maintained.

Why it is important to wear a cloth face covering