Kuiz 31-33

EURO 2020 Budapest telah berlangsung selama 23 hari dengan stadium perlawanan dipenuhi oleh puluhan ribuan penonton.

Kes positif COVID-19 harian pada 3 Julai 2021 adalah sifar!

Inilah pertama kali Hungary mencatatkan angka sifar dalam tempoh EURO 2020 berlangsung.

JAKARTA, KOMPAS.com - Harga isi ulang oksigen melonjak Rp 3.000 hingga Rp 5.000 per tabung berbagai ukuran di salah satu sentra penjualan di Setiabudi, Jakarta Selatan.

Kenaikan harga terjadi sejak dua minggu lalu, menyusul lonjakan kasus COVID-19 di Ibu Kota. "Lonjakan pembelian isi ulang oksigen ini terjadi sejak dua minggu lalu," kata pengelola depot pengisian oksigen Krisna Okta Wira di Setiabudi, Jakarta Selatan, Jumat (2/7/2021), seperti dikutip Antara.

Adapun ukuran yang paling banyak diisi ulang oksigen, lanjut dia, di antaranya tabung ukuran satu meter kubik yang kini dihargai Rp 18.000 sekali isi ulang atau naik Rp 3.000 dari harga sebelumnya Rp 15.000.

Rata-rata kenaikan untuk tabung lainnya, lanjut dia, hingga mencapai Rp 5.000 per tabung.

Untuk pengisian oksigen untuk tabung paling kecil berukuran 0,5 meter kubik dihargai Rp 10.000, tabung ukuran 1,5 meter kubik mencapai Rp 25.000.

Sedangkan pengisian oksigen untuk tabung ukuran dua meter kubik mencapai Rp 30.000 dan tiga meter kubik mencapai Rp 40.000.

"Rata-rata yang isi ulang itu warga biasa untuk kebutuhan di rumah tapi ada juga dari Puskesmas," imbuhnya. Menurut dia, pada hari biasa pembeli yang rutin mengisi ulang oksigen tidak lebih dari 100 orang per hari.

Namun, sejak dua minggu lalu jumlah pembeli melonjak menjadi sekitar 200 orang per hari.

Ini sumbernya

Calitan naso-farinks dan oro-farinks dilakukan seperti dalam imej di atas bagi mengampil sampel dan seterusnya diuji sama ada sampel tadi mengandungi virus COVID-19 atau sebaliknya

Semenjak pandemik ini bermula, beratus-ratus juta kali calitan hidung dan kerongkong telah dilakukan di serata dunia dan ini adalah komplikasi yang direkodkan.

1. Perdarahan hidung (epistaksis).
2. Alat calitan terpatah dan tertinggal di dalam hidung.
3. Kecederaan yang menjurus kepada kebocoran cecair serebrospinal.
4. Dislokasi sendi temporomandibular

Memandangkan banyak ujian calitan dilakukan setiap hari di serata dunia, insiden tentunya akan bertambah. Namum secara umumnya risiko komplikasi calitan orofarinks dan nasofarinks adalah amat rendah.

Vaksinasi adalah proses memasukkan vaksin ke dalam tubuh.

Vaksin adalah bahan yang apabila dimasukkan ke dalam tubuh akan berupaya merangsang produksi antibodi.

Vaksinasi penuh tercipta dua minggu selepas dos kedua bagi vaksin 2 dos atau selepas dos pertama bagi vaksin 1 dos.

Secara umumnya, vaksinasi penuh membolehkan penerimanya mengadaptasi semula kebanyakan norma-norma lama.

Dari sudut kesihatan, vaksin penuh bukan sahaja mengurangkan risiko baginya mendapat jangkitan malah sekiranya mendapat jangkitan, ia tidaklah begitu teruk.

Jakarta, Kominfo - Satuan Tugas (Satgas) Penanganan Covid-19 menerbitkan Surat Edaran (SE) Nomor 13 Tahun 2021 tentang Peniadaan Mudik Hari Raya Idulfitri Tahun 1442 Hijriah dan Upaya Pengendalian Penyebaran Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Selama Bulan Suci Ramadan 1442 Hijriah.

Ketentuan yang tertuang dalam SE yang ditandatangani Ketua Satgas Doni Monardo pada tanggal 7 April 2021 ini berlaku mulai tanggal 6 hingga 17 Mei 2021.

“Surat Edaran ini berlaku efektif mulai tanggal 6 – 17 Mei 2021 dan akan ditinjau lebih lanjut sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan/atau dengan perkembangan terakhir di lapangan,” ujarnya dalam SE.

Ditegaskan Doni, pelanggaran terhadap SE ini akan dikenakan sanksi denda, sanksi sosial, kurungan dan/atau pidana sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan.

Penerbitan SE ini dilatarbelakangi adanya potensi peningkatan mobilitas masyarakat pada bulan suci Ramadan dan Hari Raya Idulfitri tahun ini baik untuk kegiatan keagamaan, keluarga, maupun pariwisata yang memiliki risiko terhadap peningkatan laju penularan Covid-19

Dalam tempoh 6 bulan selepas ujikaji terapeutik terbesar di dunia iaitu Solidarity Therapeutics Trial bermula, ia telah berjaya menghasilkan bukti-bukti konklusif tentang keberkesanan ubat-ubatan bagi merawat COVID-19.

Keputusan interim daripada Solidarity Therapeutics Trial kelolaan WHO itu telah menunjukkan bahawa ubat-ubat berikut: iaitu remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir dan interferon sama ada memilki sedikit saja keberkesanan atau tiada kesan langsung ke atas mortaliti 28 hari atau paras kesembuhan pesakit.

Kajian di 30 buah negara itu adalah bertujuan bagi melihat keberkesanan beberapa jenis rawatan terhadap aspek-aspek seperti mortaliti keseluruhan, bila prosedur ventilasi bermula dan jangka masa pesakit berada di hospital.

Progres yang dicapai oleh Solidarity Therapeutics Trial menunjukkan kajian antarabangsa waima dalam situasi pandemik bukanlah suatu yang mustahil untuk dilaksanakan

Seterusnya platform berskala global seperti Solidarity Trial adalah bersedia untuk menilai secara pantas mana-mana rawatan-rawatan baru yang berpotensi di 500 buah hospital yang mengambil bahagian.

Terbaru, beberapa lagi ubat antiviral, immunomodulators dan antibodi monoklonal anti-SARS COV-2 sedang dipertimbangkan untuk dinilai.

The California and San Francisco Departments of Public Health have confirmed that a recent case of COVID-19 among an individual in California was caused by the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529). The individual was a traveler who returned from South Africa on November 22, 2021. The individual had mild symptoms that are improving, is self-quarantining and has been since testing positive. All close contacts have been contacted and have tested negative.

Genomic sequencing was conducted at the University of California, San Francisco and the sequence was confirmed at CDC as being consistent with the Omicron variant. This will be the first confirmed case of COVID-19 caused by the Omicron variant detected in the United States

On November 26, 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified a new variant, B.1.1.529, as a Variant of Concern and named it Omicron and on November 30, 2021, the United States also classified it as a Variant of Concern. CDC has been actively monitoring and preparing for this variant, and we will continue to work diligently with other U.S. and global public health and industry partners to learn more. Despite the detection of Omicron, Delta remains the predominant strain in the United States

The recent emergence of the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) further emphasizes the importance of vaccination, boosters, and general prevention strategies needed to protect against COVID-19. Everyone 5 and older should get vaccinated and boosters are recommended for everyone 18 years and older

KENILWORTH, N.J., Feb. 4, 2021 – Merck (NYSE: MRK), known as MSD outside the United States and Canada, today affirmed its position regarding use of ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic. Company scientists continue to carefully examine the findings of all available and emerging studies of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 for evidence of efficacy and safety. It is important to note that, to-date, our analysis has identified:

- No scientific basis for a potential therapeutic effect against COVID-19 from pre-clinical studies;
- No meaningful evidence for clinical activity or clinical efficacy in patients with COVID-19 disease, and;
- A concerning lack of safety data in the majority of studies.

We do not believe that the data available support the safety and efficacy of ivermectin beyond the doses and populations indicated in the regulatory agency-approved prescribing information.

Malaysia received a second batch of COVID-19 vaccines on 21 May 2021, shipped via the COVAX Facility, a partnership between WHO, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Gavi, and UNICEF. This is another important step in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and supporting immunization efforts by the Government of Malaysia.

The Government of Malaysia through the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation has been working together with WHO and UNICEF to bring life-saving vaccines to Malaysia.

The 559 200 doses of Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccines that arrived follow the 21 April COVAX shipment of 268 800 doses to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

In total, Malaysia has received 828 000 doses of the expected 1 387 200 doses of Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine provided by the COVAX Facility.

Bloomberg spoke to two experts about the vaccines, zeroing in on the Sinovac Biotech Ltd. shot, which has been the focus of a crisis in confidence after it posted efficacy levels of just above 50% in a final stage trial in Brazil -- the minimum required by leading global drug regulators.

According to Fiona Russell from the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute in Melbourne and Paul Griffin, a professor from the University of Queensland in Brisbane:

1. For very mild disease, requiring no treatment the efficacy of Sinovac is about 50%.
2. For infections requiring some medical intervention, it’s about 84%.
3. For moderate-to-severe Covid cases, it’s 100%!

Conclusion: That’s what you expect from Covid vaccines -- higher efficacy against more severe infections and lower against milder ones. From what I can see, it looks like a very worthwhile vaccine.

Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can occur during medical procedures that generate aerosols (“aerosol generating procedures”). WHO, together with the scientific community, has been actively discussing and evaluating whether SARS-CoV-2 may also spread through aerosols in the absence of aerosol generating procedures, particularly in indoor settings with poor ventilation.

Thus, a susceptible person could inhale aerosols, and could become infected if the aerosols contain the virus in sufficient quantity to cause infection within the recipient. However, the proportion of exhaled droplet nuclei or of respiratory droplets that evaporate to generate aerosols, and the infectious dose of viable SARS-CoV-2 required to cause infection in another person are not known, but it has been studied for other respiratory viruses.

To date, transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by this type of aerosol route has not been demonstrated; much more research is needed given the possible implications of such route of transmission.

Recent clinical reports of health workers exposed to COVID-19 index cases, not in the presence of aerosol-generating procedures, found no nosocomial transmission when contact and droplet precautions were appropriately used, including the wearing of medical masks as a component of the personal protective equipment (PPE). These observations suggest that aerosol transmission did not occur in this context.

Further studies are needed to determine whether it is possible to detect viable SARS-CoV-2 in air samples from settings where no procedures that generate aerosols are performed and what role aerosols might play in transmission.

Outside of medical facilities, some outbreak reports related to indoor crowded spaces have suggested the possibility of aerosol transmission, combined with droplet transmission, for example, during choir practice, in restaurants or in fitness classes. In these events, short-range aerosol transmission, particularly in specific indoor locations, such as crowded and inadequately ventilated spaces over a prolonged period of time with infected persons cannot be ruled out.

However, the detailed investigations of these clusters suggest that droplet and fomite transmission could also explain human-to-human transmission within these clusters. Further, the close contact environments of these clusters may have facilitated transmission from a small number of cases to many other people (e.g., superspreading event), especially if hand hygiene was not performed and masks were not used when physical distancing was not maintained.

COVID-19 spreads mainly from person to person through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or raises their voice (e.g., while shouting, chanting, or singing). These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs.

Recent studies show that a significant portion of individuals with COVID-19 lack symptoms (are “asymptomatic”) and that even those who eventually develop symptoms (are “pre-symptomatic”) can transmit the virus to others before showing symptoms.

To reduce the spread of COVID-19, CDC recommends that people wear cloth face coverings in public settings when around people outside of their household, especially when other social distancing measures are difficult to maintain.

Why it is important to wear a cloth face covering

Cloth face coverings may help prevent people who have COVID-19 from spreading the virus to others. Wearing a cloth face covering will help protect people around you, including those at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19 and workers who frequently come into close contact with other people (e.g., in stores and restaurants).

Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of COVID-19 when they are widely used by people in public settings. The spread of COVID-19 can be reduced when cloth face coverings are used along with other preventive measures, including social distancing, frequent handwashing, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces.